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Espreitando o guarda-roupa de D. João I

No museu Alberto Sampaio podemos apreciar uma peça de vestuário que D. João I terá envergado na Batalha de Aljubarrota:

Monumentos vimaranenses relacionados com a época que estamos a estudar

Lido em http://www.cm-guimaraes.pt/ (19/1/2012)

«Muralhas de Guimarães

Representam vestígios das muralhas que envolviam a urbe vimaranense nos reinados de D. Dinis e D. João I – séculos XIV e XV. Alguns historiadores remetem as origens destas muralhas para o século X.

Igreja Nossa Senhora da Oliveira

Foi mandada reedificar pelo rei D. João I no século XIV, em consequência de uma promessa feita à Virgem Maria pela sua vitória da Batalha de Aljubarrota.

Padrão de D. João I

De acordo com alguns historiadores, este Padrão terá sido mandado construir por D. João I, no século XIV, para comemorar a vitória da Batalha de Aljubarrota.»

A aleivosa

«

D. Leonor (1350?-1386)

"D. Leonor Teles de Meneses era sobrinha de D. João Afonso Telo, 4º conde de Barcelos, e irmã de D. João Afonso Teles de Meneses, 6º conde de Barcelos, de D. Gonçalo Teles de Meneses, conde de Neiva, e de D. Maria Teles de Meneses. Foi casada com D. João Lourença da Cunha, de quem teve um filho, Álvaro da Cunha. Conseguida a anulação do seu primeiro matrimónio, casou com D. Fernando, em Leça do Bailio, em 1372." Bibliografia nº3 pág.168» (encontrado em http://www.citi.pt/cultura/historia/historiadores/fernao_lopes/leonor.html, 18/1/2012 )

Enquadramento histórico da "Crónica de D. João I"

Pareceu-me interessante este texto que encontrei na Breve História de Portugal de A. H. de Oliveira Marques (pp. 116-117). O livro (de que transcrevi apenas um excerto) está disponível para requisição na Biblioteca.

«As primeiras querelas sociais haviam já começado quando D. Fernando casara com Leonor Teles (1372). Prosseguiram durante todo o reinado, acirradas pelo descontentamento que a política bélica provocava de norte a sul do País. (...) Na falta de herdeiro masculino, a sucessão de D. Fernando passou para a sua única filha legítima. D. Beatriz, que ele casara com D. João I, rei de Castela, depois da sua terceira derrota. As cláusulas do matrimónio confiavam a regência e o governo do reino à rainha-mãe Leonor Teles, até filho ou filha nascer a Beatriz. Quaisquer que fossem as circunstâncias, os dois reinos deveriam viver permanentemente separados.

Manobras políticas e ambições pessoais impediram qualquer solução pacífica. D. João I de Castela decidiu invadir Portugal e tomar conta do poder. A este passo violento moveu-o, porventura, a crescente oposição ao governo de Leonor Teles e do seu amante, o conde João Fernandes Andeiro, um nobre galego.

Andeiro e Leonor, provavelmente apoiados pela maioria da nobreza terratente, tinham contra si as fileiras médias e inferiores da burguesia, sob o comando do mestre de Avis, D. João, filho ilegítimo do rei D. Pedro. Ao que parece, o mestre de Avis convidara a princípio o monarca castelhano a entrar em Portugal, de preferência a aceitar uma situação perigosa para os seus partidários e para si próprio. Mais tarde, porém, a situação mudou. O ódio contra Castela e os castelhanos (estava ainda fresca na memória de todos a devastação passada que se lhes devia) obrigou o Mestre de Avis a encabeçar uma revolta contra os dois grupos: Leonor Teles-Andeiro e D. João I-Beatriz. Ele próprio ajudou a matar o Andeiro, obrigou a rainha D. Leonor Teles a  fugir e unir forças com D. João I de Castela e proclamou-se a si próprio "regedor e defensor do reino".»

"Post" onde a História, o Inglês e a Literatura Portuguesa "articulam"

No sítio http://www.camelotintl.com/world/europe.html (indicado pela professora de História), encontram a seguinte cronologia:

Europe

AD 1
14	Death of Roman emperor Augustus
43	Roman emperor Claudius invades Britain
60 - 61	Rebellion of Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, against Romans in Britain
64	Great Fire of Rome
68 - 69	Civil war in Roman empire after Emperor Nero dies
c. 80	Completion of colosseum amphitheatre in Rome
AD 100
116 - 17	Roman empire reaches its greatest extent, under Emperor Trajan (98 - 17)
122 - 38	Hadrian's Wall built to defend province of Britain
166 - 67	Roman empire devastated by plague
180	Death of Emperor Marcus Aurelius; end of Pax Romana
AD 200
212	Roman citizenship formally extended to all free-born people within the empire
235 - 84	Long period of civil war and chaos in Roman empire
271 - 76	Building of Aurelian walls around Rome
284 - 305	Diocletian is emperor of Rome; major reforms; forms "Tetrarchy" of four emperors to rule the empire together
AD 300
313	Christianity tolerated throughout Roman empire
324	Constantine becomes sole emperor (western emperor in 312)
330	New city of Constantinople (now Istanbul) inaugurated on site of ancient Greek city of Byzantium in European Turkey
360s	First invasions of Europe by Huns from central Asia
378	Romans defeated at Adrianople by Visigoths: Emperor Valens killed
AD 400
RELIGIOUS WORLDS
410	Aaric the Goth, king of the Germanic people, the Visigoths, sacks Rome
432	St. Patrick introduces Christianity to Ireland
445	Attila the Hun attacks western Europe
c. 450	Saxons from Germany begin to invade Britain
451	Attila defeated at Ch_lons
476	Germanic invader Odoacer expels Romulus Augustus, last emperor of Rome, and takes control of the city
AD 500
527 - 65	Reign of Justinian, Byzantine emperor; he tries to reunite the eastern and western branches of the Christian church which are bitterly divided
529	St. Benedict founds monastery at Monte Cassino, south of Rome
529 - 34	Justinian introduces codes of law
552 - 53	Monks smuggle silkworms to Constantinople from China; start of important Byzantine silk industry
563 - 97	St Columba comes from Ireland to spread Christian religion in Scotland
597	Mission of St. Augustine to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity
AD 600
c. 600	Beginning of an important period of art and literature in Ireland
c. 602	Slavic tribes begin settlement of the Balkans
664	Synod of Whitby in England; Roman Christianity chosen in preference to Celtic
c. 670	Syrian chemist, Callinicus, invents Greek Fire, a highly inflammable liquid used by the Byzantine army in battle; first used in Battle of Cyzicus c. 673
c. 675	Bulgars, nomadic people from the Russian steppes, settle in lands south of the Danube
AD 700
715	Muslim forces conquer most of Spain; only the mountainous north, home of the Basque people, remains independent
732	Charles Martel , king of the Franks, defeats Muslims at Poitiers in France, stopping Muslim advance northwards
768	Charlemagne becomes king of the Franks
784 - 96	Offa , king of Mercia in central England, builds defensive dyke between England and Wales
787	Vikings make their first raids on the coasts of Britain
AD 800
NEW NATIONS
800	Pope crowns Charlemagne emperor of Rome on Christmas Day in St Peter's Church, Rome
c. 800	First castles built in western Europe
809 - 17	War between the Byzantine empire and the Bulgars - Khan Krum of Bulgaria defeats Byzantines in 811 and kills their emperor
814	Death of Charlemagne
841	Vikings found Dublin on east coast of Ireland
c. 843	Charlemagne 's Frankish empire breaks up
843	Kenneth /MacAlpin unites kingdom of Scotia and becomes first king of Scotland (dies c. 859)
844 - 78	Rule of /Rhodri Mawr , first prince of all Wales
c. 860	Vikings rule at Novgorod in Russia
862	Vikings led by /Rurik are invited by East Slavic and Finnish tribes of north Russia to rule them
871 - 99	Reign of Alfred The Great of England
878	Alfred defeats Vikings under Gudrum at Ethandune; Treaty of Wedmore divides England between them
885 - 86	Vikings raid Paris in France
c. 891	Monks write the history of England in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
AD 900
c. 900	Magyars, nomadic people from central Asia, invade Europe
910	Benedictine Abbey of Cluny is founded in Burgundy, France
911	Rollo, Viking chief, settles in Normandy, France
912 - 61	Rule of Abd-al-Rahman III, Omayyad caliph of Cordoba, Spain; during his peaceful reign he develops arts and industry, such as paper-making
936 - 73	Reign of Otto The Great, king of Germany; he is crowned Holy Roman emperor in 962
937	Athelstan of England defeats large army of Scots, Irish, and Danes at Battle of Brunanburh, northern England
942 - 50	Record of Welsh law is written down on the orders of Hywel Dda, Prince of all Wales
955	Otto defeats Magyars at Battle of Lechfeld, near Augsburg, and defeats Slavs at Reichnitz
963	Mieszko I founds kingdom of Poland; he is succeeded by Boleslav I, who expands its territory greatly
976 - 1025	Reign of Basil II, Byzantine emperor who defeats Bulgarians in 1014
978	Vladimir becomes Grand Prince of Kiev
c. 986	Eric The Red, Viking explorer, sets up a colony in Greenland
987 - 96	Reign of Hugh Capet, first Capetian king of France
c. 989	Vladimir of Kiev chooses Orthodox Christianity as the official religion for his people
AD 1000
MONKS AND INVADERS
1020	Italian towns, including Rome, Florence and Venice, become city states
1000 - 38	Rule of Stephen, first of Arpad dynasty of Hungary; he accepts Christianity for his people
1014	Brian Boru, High King of all Ireland, defeats Vikings at Battle of Clontarf, but is killed after victory
1016 - 35	Reign of Canute, Viking king of England, Denmark, Norway and Sweden
1019 - 54	Yaroslav the Wise, ruler of Kiev in Russia, unifies many Russian principalities
1020s	Boleslav I of Poland creates a powerful state
1034	Scotland becomes united down to present border with England
1035 - 66	Normandy in north of France grows powerful
1037	Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Le¾n unite
1054	Split between Catholic church of Rome and Orthodox Christian church of Byzantium
1066	William Duke of Normandy, defeats Harold of England at Battle of Hastings
1072 - 91	Norman armies conquer Sicily
1077	Pope Gregory expels Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV from church; Henry pleads forgiveness, but conflict between empire and Papacy continues into 12th century
1086	Survey of England by order of William I is recorded in Domesday Book
1098	Monastery founded at Citeaux in France; start of Cistercian order of monks
AD 1100
c. 1115 - 42	French teacher Henry IV makes Paris centre of religious learning
1115 - 53	Career of Bernard of Clairvaux, whose abbey becomes most important monastery in Europe
1119	Bologna University founded in Italy; Paris University, in France, is founded in 1150
1124 - 53	David I rules Scotland
1132 - 44	St Denis Abbey, the first Gothic church, built by Abbot Suger in Paris
1139 - 85	Alphonso I becomes first king of Portugal
1152 - 90	Reign of powerful Holy Roman emperor Frederick I, called Barbarossa (red beard)
1154 - 89	Reign of Henry II Plantagenet of Anjou as king of England; he reforms law and government
1171 - 72	Henry II invades Ireland and is accepted as its lord
1180 - 1223	Philip II Augustus rules France, conquering Angevin lands in the west
1190	Teutonic Order of knights, a military society, set up in Germany to defend Christian lands in Palestine and Syria
AD 1200
CONQUEST AND PLAGUE
1209	St Francis of Assisi founds Franciscan religious order
1212	Almohads defeated by Christians at battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
1215	English King John seals Magna Carta, giving more power to barons
1240	Russian Alexander Nevsky defeats Swedes at great battle on the Neva river
1241	L_beck and Hamburg form a Hansa (association) for trade and mutual protection; beginning of Hanseatic League
1249	University College, first college of Oxford University, England, founded
c. 1254	Explorer Marco Polo born in Venice
1262	Iceland and Greenland come under Norwegian rule
1273	Rudolph I becomes first Habsburg ruler of Austria
1282 - 84	Edward I of England conquers Wales
1284	Peterhouse, first college of Cambridge University, founded in England
1284	Sequins coined in Venice, Italy
c. 1290	Invention of spectacles in Italy
1291	Three Swiss cantons join together to begin struggle for independence from Habsburgs
AD 1300
1308	Papal court moves to Avignon; Great Schism follows
1314	Scots defeat English at Battle of Bannockburn
1337	Edward III of England claims French throne - 100 Years War (1337 - 1453) begins
1346	English defeat French at Battle of Cr_cy
1347	Bubonic plague or Black Death reaches Europe
1358	Jacquerie Revolt; peasant uprising north of Paris, France
1370	Geoffrey Chaucer writes first book, Book of the Duchess
1373	Treaty of Anglo-Portuguese friendship; the English and Portuguese are still allies today
1381	Peasants' Revolt in England led by Wat Tyler
1389	Christian Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks at Kossovo in Serbia
1397	Kalmar Agreement unites three Scandinavian kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden